Oneness Kierkegaard, Heidegger, Sartre - anxiety and reflections on human freedom and responsibility.

Oneness and Dread #

Please, define dread? #

In philosophical and existential terms, “dread” (often referred to by the German term “Angst”) is a profound, deep-seated feeling of anxiety or apprehension. This concept has been extensively explored by existentialist philosophers, notably Søren Kierkegaard and Martin Heidegger.

Søren Kierkegaard #

Definition: For Kierkegaard, dread is a form of existential anxiety that arises from human freedom and the accompanying responsibility. It is the dizziness of freedom, the realization that one has the potential to choose and thus to make significant, often irreversible decisions.
Context: In Kierkegaard’s framework, dread is an intrinsic part of the human condition, reflecting the confrontation with the infinite possibilities of existence and the inherent uncertainties of life.

Martin Heidegger #

Definition: Heidegger further developed this concept, referring to it as “Angst.” He posited that dread is not directed at any specific object but is rather a general feeling of unease or disquiet about one’s existence. It reveals the nothingness and absurdity of life, highlighting the individual’s isolation in an indifferent or even hostile universe.
Context: Heidegger emphasized that this form of anxiety is crucial for authentic existence. It forces individuals to confront the true nature of their being (Dasein) and their ultimate concerns, such as mortality and the search for meaning.

Jean-Paul Sartre: #

Definition: Although Sartre used the term “nausea” rather than dread, he similarly explored the concept of existential angst. For Sartre, this feeling arises from the realization of one’s absolute freedom and the concomitant absence of any predetermined essence or meaning in life.
Context: Sartre argued that dread or nausea is an inevitable consequence of recognizing the contingency and arbitrariness of existence, which leads to a sense of disorientation and a need to create one’s own values and purposes.

Psychological Perspective #

Definition: In psychology, dread can be understood as an intense form of anxiety, often associated with anticipated events or situations perceived as threatening or overwhelming.
Context: Unlike general anxiety, dread is often linked to specific fears or existential concerns, such as death, loss of meaning, or profound change. It can manifest in various forms, from mild unease to debilitating panic.

Literary and Cultural Dimensions #

Definition: In literature and culture, dread often conveys a sense of impending doom or an atmosphere of existential crisis. It is a common theme in existentialist literature, horror fiction, and dystopian narratives.
Context: Writers and artists use dread to evoke emotional responses, challenge societal norms, and explore the darker aspects of human existence.

In summary, dread is a multifaceted concept that encompasses existential anxiety, philosophical reflections on human freedom and responsibility, psychological manifestations of profound fear, and cultural expressions of unease and apprehension. It is a central theme in existentialist thought, underscoring the complexities and uncertainties inherent in the human condition.

A client offered the following narrative (paraphrased): “Sometimes, before falling asleep, there comes the moment when I feel the most in the present, the mind quiets down and my senses become acute; I become aware of the space, sounds and vastness of it all. This open-endedness of the moment that is not yet finalized as anything may still happen fills me with fear.” - is this a common experience of dread? #

Yes, the experience described by the client can be interpreted as a common manifestation of existential dread. This type of dread is characterized by heightened awareness and an acute sense of the present moment, often leading to feelings of anxiety or fear. Several aspects of the client’s narrative align with philosophical and psychological understandings of existential dread:

Heightened Awareness #

The client describes a moment of acute sensory awareness, where they become particularly attuned to their environment and the present moment. This heightened state of perception is often associated with existential experiences, where the individual becomes deeply aware of their existence and surroundings. Sense of Vastness and Open-Endedness:

The client’s mention of the “space, sounds, and vastness” points to an encounter with the infinite or boundless nature of existence. This realization can be overwhelming and lead to feelings of insignificance or vulnerability, common triggers of existential dread.

Fear of the Undefined #

The fear that arises from the moment being “not yet finalized as anything” reflects the anxiety associated with the unknown and the open-ended nature of future possibilities. Existential dread often stems from confronting the indeterminacy and unpredictability of life, which can be unsettling. Quieting of the Mind:

As the mind quiets down, distractions and superficial thoughts fade, allowing deeper, often more existential thoughts to emerge. This state can lead to a confrontation with fundamental aspects of existence, such as mortality, freedom, and meaning, which are core themes in existential philosophy.

Philosophical Context #

Kierkegaard: The client’s experience aligns with Kierkegaard’s notion of dread as the dizziness of freedom. The realization of limitless possibilities and the absence of predetermined outcomes can induce a sense of vertigo or dread.
Heidegger: Heidegger’s concept of “Angst” as a profound sense of unease in the face of nothingness resonates with the client’s description. The awareness of the vast, undefined moment mirrors Heidegger’s idea that dread reveals the inherent emptiness and contingency of existence. Sartre:

The client’s fear in the open-ended moment can be related to Sartre’s idea of nausea, where the realization of radical freedom and the absence of intrinsic meaning leads to existential disorientation and anxiety.

Psychological Perspective #

From a psychological standpoint, the client’s experience can be seen as a form of situational or existential anxiety. This type of anxiety is not uncommon, especially in moments of quiet introspection or transitional states (such as the period before falling asleep). It reflects a deep-seated response to the realization of one’s finite existence and the inherent uncertainties of life.

The client’s narrative encapsulates a classic instance of existential dread, marked by a moment of profound presence, heightened sensory awareness, and the ensuing fear of the vast, undefined possibilities of existence. This experience is indeed a common one, echoing themes explored by existential philosophers and understood within psychological frameworks as a natural, albeit unsettling, aspect of the human condition.

This feeling seems to be at the opposite end of the spectrum, yet it shares quite a bit with the feeling of “oneness” with the universe Adler described. Could we speculate that the only difference is the “placement” of the “self” - within, perhaps even with godly confidence and peace, or outside, experiencing dread? #

Your observation about the parallels and distinctions between the feeling of dread and the experience of “oneness” or unity with the universe, as described by Alfred Adler, is a profound one. Indeed, these experiences seem to occupy opposite ends of the emotional spectrum, yet they share common elements. The key difference, as you noted, may lie in the individual’s sense of self-placement within these experiences.

Common Elements #

Heightened Awareness: Both experiences involve a heightened state of awareness and an acute perception of one’s environment and existence. This intensified consciousness is central to both the feeling of dread and the sense of oneness with the universe.
Sense of Vastness: In both states, there is a confrontation with the vastness of existence. Whether this vastness induces fear or elation depends on the individual’s internal orientation and perception.
Transcendence of Ordinary Experience: Both dread and oneness transcend ordinary, everyday experiences, bringing the individual into contact with deeper existential or spiritual realities.

Distinguishing Factors #

Placement of the Self: Internal Placement: In the state of oneness, the individual often feels an internal placement of the self, where the boundaries between the self and the universe dissolve. This results in a sense of unity, godly confidence, and pleasure. The self is perceived as being an integral part of the whole, leading to feelings of harmony and belonging.
External Placement: In the state of dread, the self is perceived as separate and external to the vast, indifferent universe. This placement results in feelings of isolation, vulnerability, and fear. The individual feels overwhelmed by the open-endedness and unpredictability of existence.
Emotional Response:
- Oneness: The emotional response is typically positive, characterized by peace, joy, and a sense of profound connection. The dissolution of the ego into a greater whole provides a sense of fulfillment and contentment.
- Dread: The emotional response is negative, characterized by anxiety, fear, and unease. The perception of being a solitary, isolated being in an expansive and indifferent universe leads to existential disquiet.
Perception of Control:
- Oneness: There is often a sense of surrender and acceptance, where the individual feels at one with the flow of the universe. This acceptance brings about a feeling of inner peace and confidence.
- Dread: There is a lack of control and a sense of being at the mercy of the unknown. This perception of helplessness contributes to the feeling of dread.

Speculative Synthesis #

From a speculative standpoint, one could argue that the only difference between these two experiences is the subjective placement of the self and the resultant emotional orientation:

Internal Placement (Oneness): When the self is perceived as part of the universe, the dissolution of individual boundaries leads to feelings of unity and pleasure.
External Placement (Dread): When the self is perceived as separate and distinct from the universe, the confrontation with its vastness leads to feelings of isolation and fear.

This perspective aligns with various philosophical and psychological theories:

Existential Philosophy: Existentialists like Kierkegaard and Heidegger suggest that the individual’s confrontation with their own existence can lead to either existential dread or an authentic embrace of being, depending on the individual’s perspective and response.
Humanistic Psychology: Adler’s ideas about overcoming feelings of inferiority through striving for superiority and a sense of community can be contrasted with the isolation felt in existential dread. The integration of the self with a larger purpose or community leads to feelings of oneness and confidence.

The feelings of dread and oneness, while seemingly opposite, share fundamental aspects related to heightened awareness and the perception of vastness. The critical difference lies in the subjective placement of the self within or outside this vastness, leading to vastly different emotional experiences. This speculative synthesis underscores the profound impact of self-perception on human emotional and existential experiences.

Intuitively, the dread seems to have two components: fear of the vast environment one has no control over and fear of change? #

Your intuition about the components of dread is insightful. Indeed, existential dread can be seen as comprising two primary elements:

Fear of the Vast Environment One Has No Control Over

Existential Vastness: This aspect of dread involves the overwhelming realization of the vastness and complexity of the universe. It is the confrontation with the infinite and the unknown, leading to a sense of insignificance and powerlessness. The sheer scale of existence, with its boundless possibilities and indifference, can induce a deep sense of existential anxiety.
Loss of Control: This fear is also rooted in the recognition of one’s limited ability to influence or control the larger forces and events that shape life. It encompasses the unpredictability of natural events, societal changes, and the inherent uncertainties of life. The realization that much of existence is beyond one’s control can evoke feelings of vulnerability and dread.

Fear of Change

Impermanence: Change is an intrinsic part of existence. The awareness that everything is transient and subject to alteration can be deeply unsettling. This fear of change is tied to the inevitability of loss, whether it be the loss of loved ones, status, health, or life itself. The transient nature of all things challenges the desire for stability and permanence.
Uncertainty: Change brings with it the unknown. The fear of what the future holds, the unpredictability of outcomes, and the potential for negative consequences contribute to this component of dread. The uncertainty associated with change can trigger anxiety and a sense of foreboding.
Identity and Continuity: Change can also threaten one’s sense of identity and continuity. The evolution of self, relationships, and circumstances requires constant adaptation and redefinition. This ongoing process can lead to existential questions about who one is and what one’s purpose is, fostering a sense of disorientation and dread.

Interrelationship of Components

These two components are interrelated and often reinforce each other:

Vastness and Change: The vast, uncontrollable environment is inherently dynamic and ever-changing. The fear of the unknown and the uncontrollable is amplified by the realization that change is a constant and unavoidable part of this vastness.
Control and Stability: The desire for control is often a desire for stability and predictability. When faced with the vastness of existence and the inevitability of change, the lack of control becomes more pronounced, intensifying feelings of dread.

Coping Mechanisms

Understanding these components can help in developing strategies to cope with existential dread:

Mindfulness and Acceptance: Practicing mindfulness can help individuals accept the vastness and change as natural parts of existence. Acceptance reduces resistance to these realities and can alleviate anxiety.
Finding Meaning: Engaging in activities that provide a sense of purpose and meaning can counteract feelings of insignificance. Meaning-making helps individuals navigate change and uncertainty with a sense of direction.
Embracing Change: Viewing change as an opportunity for growth and transformation can shift the perception from fear to curiosity and potential. Developing resilience and adaptability fosters a more positive response to change.
Connection and Community: Building strong relationships and a sense of community can provide support and a buffer against the isolation that vastness and change can induce. Shared experiences and mutual support alleviate feelings of dread.

Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives

Existential Philosophy: Philosophers like Kierkegaard, Heidegger, and Sartre have explored these themes, emphasizing the importance of confronting and embracing the inherent uncertainties of existence to lead an authentic life.
Psychological Approaches: Humanistic and existential psychology focus on helping individuals find meaning, cope with change, and develop a sense of agency despite the uncontrollable aspects of life.

In summary, existential dread indeed encompasses a fear of the vast, uncontrollable environment and a fear of change. Understanding these components provides a framework for addressing and mitigating the profound anxiety they can induce.

How can individual’s perspective and response be cultivated towards oneness? #

Cultivating an individual’s perspective and response towards oneness involves fostering a mindset and lifestyle that promotes interconnectedness, self-awareness, and a sense of unity with the larger universe. This cultivation can be approached through various practices and philosophical outlooks, often drawing on spiritual, psychological, and existential frameworks. Here are several strategies that can help individuals develop a perspective and response oriented towards oneness:

Mindfulness and Meditation

Mindfulness: Engaging in mindfulness practices can help individuals become more present and aware of their thoughts, feelings, and surroundings. This heightened awareness can lead to a deeper sense of connection with the present moment and the universe.
Meditation: Regular meditation practice can facilitate a sense of inner peace and unity. Techniques such as loving-kindness meditation (metta) and transcendental meditation specifically focus on expanding one’s sense of self to include others and the broader cosmos.

Philosophical and Spiritual Inquiry

Existential Philosophy: Engaging with existentialist thinkers like Heidegger, Kierkegaard, and Sartre can help individuals confront and embrace the fundamental aspects of existence, moving from dread to a more authentic and connected way of being.
Spiritual Practices: Many spiritual traditions emphasize the interconnectedness of all life. Practices such as yoga, Taoism, Buddhism, and certain forms of mysticism can guide individuals towards experiencing oneness.

Psychological Techniques

Self-Reflection and Journaling: Regular self-reflection through journaling can help individuals explore their thoughts and feelings, fostering greater self-awareness and understanding of their place in the larger context.
Therapy and Counseling: Engaging with a therapist, especially those trained in humanistic or transpersonal psychology, can help individuals work through feelings of isolation and foster a sense of connection and purpose.

Connection with Nature

Ecopsychology: Developing a deeper relationship with nature can enhance feelings of oneness. Activities like hiking, gardening, and simply spending time in natural settings can remind individuals of their interconnectedness with the natural world.
Environmental Stewardship: Taking active roles in environmental conservation and sustainability can foster a sense of responsibility and connection to the Earth and its ecosystems.

Community and Relationships

Building Meaningful Relationships: Cultivating deep, authentic relationships with others can enhance feelings of connectedness and reduce feelings of isolation.
Community Involvement: Engaging in community service and group activities can help individuals feel part of something larger than themselves, fostering a sense of unity and purpose.

Creative and Expressive Arts

Artistic Expression: Engaging in creative activities like painting, music, dance, and writing can help individuals express and explore their sense of self and connection to the universe.
Group Art Projects: Participating in collaborative artistic endeavors can enhance feelings of unity and collective creativity.

Intellectual and Cultural Engagement

Study of Cosmology and Science: Learning about the universe, its origins, and the interconnectedness of life through disciplines like astronomy, physics, and biology can inspire a sense of awe and oneness.
Cultural and Philosophical Literature: Reading and engaging with literature that explores themes of interconnectedness and the human experience can provide new perspectives and insights.

Practical Steps and Daily Practices #

Gratitude Practice: Regularly practicing gratitude can shift focus from individual concerns to appreciation for the broader aspects of life and existence.
Acts of Kindness: Engaging in small acts of kindness can foster a sense of connection and shared humanity.
Breathwork and Yoga: These practices can help harmonize the mind and body, promoting a sense of inner balance and connection with the larger whole.

Cultivating a perspective and response towards oneness involves a multifaceted approach that integrates mindfulness, philosophical inquiry, psychological techniques, nature connection, community involvement, creative expression, and intellectual engagement. By adopting these practices and mindsets, individuals can gradually shift from feelings of isolation and dread to a more profound sense of unity and interconnectedness with the universe. This journey is deeply personal and transformative, often requiring sustained effort and openness to new experiences and insights.